The importance of stereotaxic brain biopsy in brain cancers
As with all organs in the body, cancer can develop in the brain. More than 130 types of tumors in the brain have been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and are divided into benign and malignant. Familial factors (genetics), radiation, animal viruses, occupational groups dealing with phenol and benzene compounds, and smoking increase the risk of brain tümörü.
About 10 million people died from cancer in 2019. The most common causes of cancer include tobacco and alcohol use, unhealthy diet, inactivity and air pollution.
India and the USA are in the first place in terms of the most common cancers. The most common cancers are lung, colon and rectum, breast, liver, lung, stomach, stomach, brain and central nervous system. Cancer deaths are decreasing, the most significant decrease is in the lung and respiratory tract with the decrease in smoking. In brain tümörs, this rate remains constant at 3%. Unfortunately, brain tümörs are in the first place in childhood çnetwork tümörs.
We often see brain metastases in brain tümörs. Cancers originating from the brain's own cells are primary cancers. Classified as benign and malignant, these types differ in adults and in childhood. Especially in recent years, as a result of developments in molecular pathology, the World Health Organization (WHO) classifications of these diseases have been revised. Accordingly, the treatment strategy may change. Currently, the most important treatment for brain tümörs is microsurgical operations. Tissue diagnosis is important in these diseases, and stereotaxic brain biopsy should be performed in non-surgical or suspicious brain lesions.
The latest issue of the journal Nörooncology, published in 2023, evaluated 556,000 adult patients aged 15-99 between 2000 and 2014 from 59 countries. Diffuse and anaplastic astrocytomas, glioblastoma and oligodendrogliomas were examined in adults. In adults, glioblastoma was most common. In children, a total of 68,000 patients aged 0-14 years from 61 countries were evaluated between 2000 and 2014. These patients were examined for low-stage astrocytoma, ependymoma and medullablastoma. It was reported that surgical treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in these types of astrocytomas affected the patient's life expectancy and quality of life.
Survival rates were reported to be similar when comparing Turkey with other countries. With the developing technology in recent years, surgeries performed in hybrid operating rooms are more successful, complications are less common and patients can be discharged in a shorter period.
“headache, vomiting, nausea, visual impairment, cognitive impairment, nöbet (epilepsy - seizures), weakness in arms and legs, irritability, loss of appetite, decreased hearing, forgetfulness, inability to speak and understand, inability to write, imbalance, enlargement of hands and feet;"In case of one or more of the following complaints such as anxiety, irritability, loss of appetite, decreased hearing, forgetfulness, inability to speak and understand, inability to write, imbalance, enlargement of the hands and feet, a doctor should be consulted", he said.
When Stereotaxic Brain Biopsy
Patients with more than one lesion in the brain, patients with lesions in the brain called eloquent bölge, shöpheli lesions that are seen in special centers, patients with poor general condition; stereotaxic brain biopsy can be performed in patients with lesions that cannot be distinguished radiologically on MRI, lesions with a diagnosis such as lymphoma or nöroological diseases. In our hospital, treatment, surgery and biopsy decisions for patients with masses and lesions in the brain are discussed and made in our Nörooncology council.
Procedure
Stereotaxic brain biopsy is performed under general anesthesia. Rarely, local anesthesia and sedo-analgesia anesthesia can be used in elderly patients with high risk of general anesthesia. The average operation time is 60 (30-80) minutes. Brain MRI or CT biopsy is performed before and after the procedure.
Particularly in contrast-enhancing lesions on MRI, fluorescein sodium can be administered to check the accuracy of the specimens. In this way, the pathology obtained during surgery is confirmed. This saves time and ensures that a small number of biopsy specimens are used for the actual pathologic diagnosis. In stereotaxic brain biopsy, every sample taken is very important in the actual diagnosis.
Stereotaxic brain biopsies are safe, highly diagnostic and have a low complication rate.
Molecular pathology techniques must be used. Every tissue sample is valuable.
Patients with brain tümömörü are discussed again in our Nörooncology council with the results of pathology and the best treatment option is created.
The outcomes of the patients we treat at our hospital are similar to the best centers in the world.
Benign tümörs can also be life-threatening at times
Benign tümörs can also be life-threatening at times. “Sometimes they can adhere to the cerebral vascular and nerve structures of the brain, which may not be possible to remove completely with surgery, and they may reappear. Some of them, although rare, can develop into benign tumors. Since they do not spread to the brain tissue in the brain tissue in their stages (tümörün borders are clear), they have a high chance of complete surgical removal.
Treatment of benign brain tumors includes surgery, radiation and drug therapy
The majority of brain cancers are caused by glial tumors, which are characterized by uncontrolled abnormal growth. These cells rapidly grow and spread to healthy tissue in their surrounding areas, and in rare cases, they can spread to the spinal cord and even to other organs of the body. Survival depends on the pathology of the tumor, the patient's age and whether or not they have received radiation and chemotherapy. Other benign tumors may be metastatic tumors. It occurs when a tumor in another part of the body spreads to the brain. They most commonly arise from the lung, breast, colon, stomach, skin or prostate. Treatment options for malignant brain tumors are surgery, biopsy, radiation therapy, radiation therapy, and toxoplasty.
Stereotaxic brain biopsy is widely used for histopathologic diagnosis of suspicious lesions in the brain despite advances in visualization methods. There are two types of systems: with and without. Brain biopsies, which are a safe and effective method, can be diagnosed with rates ranging between 80-100% in different centers. In our center, the diagnosis can be made with 95% accuracy.
In neurosurgery, tümör can now be removed with minimal errors
Thanks to the special operating microscope combined with nöronavigation in brain tümörü surgery, it is now possible to remove the tümörürü with a smaller incision at maximum level with minimum error. With hybrid operating rooms in neurosurgery, the most difficult and problematic complex surgeries can be performed with more confidence. This means significant advantages for both the patient and the doctor, such as less surgical trauma, smaller incision, shorter operation time, less blood loss, less complications, less hospitalization, less cost, etc.
When should a patient with a headache consult a doctor?
If the pain is persistent and increasing in intensity;
1. The pain occurred for the first time under the age of 10 or at the age of 50,
2. The pain that was previously present has intensified or changed its shape,
3. The headache is the most severe pain he has ever experienced in his life and does not go away despite painkillers,
4. Nöroological symptoms such as speech impairment, visual impairment, numbness in arms and legs, and paralysis (paralysis) are associated with headache,
5. Headache is always in the same area,
6. Headache when waking up in the morning and relieved by vomiting.
